Probiotics
Research reviewed: up until 08/2023
Probiotics (Multiple strains) is a dietary supplement with 31 published peer-reviewed studies involving 4,491 participants, researched for GI Health, GI Health, GI Health and 14 more areas.
Evidence at a Glance
Strength is scored by study design, sample size, study type, and outcomes
GI Health
StrongGI Health
ModerateGI Health
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ModerateGI Health
ModerateVaginal health
StrongGI Health
ModerateVaginal health
ModerateVaginal health
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ModerateGI Health
ModerateVaginal health
ModerateGI Health
StrongGI Health
ModerateVaginal Health
ModerateGI Health
ModerateGI Health
ModerateResearch Visualised
Visual breakdown of the clinical data.
Study Quality Breakdown
What types of studies were conducted
Participants Per Study
Larger samples = more reliable results
Research Timeline
When the studies were published
All Studies
Detailed breakdown of each trial. Click to expand.
GI Health
To assess the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum on irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and quality of life in adults with mild to moderate irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterised by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To assess the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum on irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and quality of life in adults with mild to moderate irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterised by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.
Dose
1 billion CFU/day of Bifidobacterium bifidum in uncoated capsules or placebo
Participants
122 patients with mild to moderate irritable bowel syndrome , aged 18-68 years
Duration
4 weeks
Results
The study found an association between the oral consumption of Bifidobacterium bifidum and a significant decrease in the severity of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, including pain, discomfort, bloating, urgency, and digestive disorders, when compared to the placebo group. The researchers also observed significant improvements in the patients' quality of life in the probiotic group. The probiotic was well-tolerated with no reported adverse effects. Overall, the study suggests that Bifidobacterium bifidum has the potential to be an effective alternative treatment for irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.
How They Measured It
Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire which measures severity and impact of symptoms including abdominal pain, discomfort, bloating, urgency, and bowel habits. Quality of life was also measured using a self-reported questionnaire.
To investigate the effects of a multistrain probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis and Bifidobacterium bifidum) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, a common digestive disorder characterised by abdominal discomfort, bloating, and alterations in bowel patterns.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind controlled trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of a multistrain probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis and Bifidobacterium bifidum) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, a common digestive disorder characterised by abdominal discomfort, bloating, and alterations in bowel patterns.
Dose
25 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis and Bifidobacterium bifidum or placebo
Participants
52 male and female participants with an average age of 40-38 years.
Duration
8 weeks
Results
Participants who received the probiotic reported a significantly greater improvement in irritable bowel syndrome symptoms over the 8-week study period compared to the placebo group. These participants also reported improvements in quality of life, bowel habits, and fewer days of abdominal pain.
How They Measured It
Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire which measures symptoms including severity and duration of abdominal pain, bloating, satisfaction with bowel habits, and quality of life.
GI Health
To determine the effects of Bifidobacterium infantis in women with irritable bowel syndrome, a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterised by abdominal pain, discomfort, and changes in bowel habits, often alternating between constipation and diarrhoea.
Study Type
Randomised, controlled, clinical trial
Purpose
To determine the effects of Bifidobacterium infantis in women with irritable bowel syndrome, a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterised by abdominal pain, discomfort, and changes in bowel habits, often alternating between constipation and diarrhoea.
Dose
1 million, 100 million, or 10 billion CFU/capsule/day of Bifidobacterium infantis or placebo
Participants
362 women with irritable bowel syndrome aged 18-65 years
Duration
4 weeks
Results
Participants who received a dosage of 100 million CFU of Bifidobacterium infantis reported significant improvements in irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, including abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating/distention, sense of incomplete evacuation, passage of gas, straining, and bowel habit satisfaction, compared to those who received a placebo by the fourth week. The probiotic groups reported greater overall symptom relief than the placebo group, by more than 20%. The two other probiotic doses (1 million CFU and 10 billion CFU) did not differ significantly from placebo. No significant adverse events were observed. Overall, the findings highlight Bifidobacterium infantis as a potential treatment in relieving several irritable bowel syndrome symptoms.
How They Measured It
Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome were assessed using self-reported questionnaires that measured abdominal pain or discomfort related to irritable bowel syndrome.
To determine the effects of a multi-strain probiotic on inflammatory immune cells in patients with colorectal cancer. It is important to note that inflammation plays a significant role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Chronic inflammation, often fueled by factors such as infections, genetic predisposition, dietary habits, and environmental influences, can contribute to the initiation of cancerous changes in the cells of the colon or rectum.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study
Purpose
To determine the effects of a multi-strain probiotic on inflammatory immune cells in patients with colorectal cancer. It is important to note that inflammation plays a significant role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Chronic inflammation, often fueled by factors such as infections, genetic predisposition, dietary habits, and environmental influences, can contribute to the initiation of cancerous changes in the cells of the colon or rectum.
Dose
60 billion CFU/day of a mixture of six viable Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria strains, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium infantis (2 x 30 billion CFUs/capsule) or placebo
Participants
52 male and female colorectal cancer patients with an average age of 67 years
Duration
4 weeks
Results
In patients with colorectal cancer, 4 weeks of probiotic treatment following surgery was associated with a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are signalling molecules produced by immune cells in response to infection, injury, or other harmful stimuli. Lower levels of these signalling molecules suggest a potential decrease in inflammation and immune responses typically linked to colorectal cancer. The study did not observe any adverse side effects of the probiotics.
GI Health
To investigate the effects of a probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Bifidobacterium lactis on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (a type of diarrhoea caused by a bad bacteria, Clostridium difficile, which can occur after use of antibiotic treatments).
Study Type
Randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of a probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Bifidobacterium lactis on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (a type of diarrhoea caused by a bad bacteria, Clostridium difficile, which can occur after use of antibiotic treatments).
Dose
4.17 billion (low-dose) and 10.7 billion (high-dose) CFU of the probiotic supplement or placebo
Participants
503 males and females aged 30-70 years, hospitalised for various diseases requiring antibiotic therapy
Duration
7 days of probiotic treatment after the final antibiotic dose
Results
Participants who were treated with a higher dose of the probiotic (10.7 billion CFU) reported greater improvements in diarrhoea symptoms compared to the low-dose (4.17 billion CFU) and placebo groups. Those who were given the higher dose experienced a reduction in the frequency of daily liquid stools, a shorter duration of diarrhoea, and reduced occurrences of fever, abdominal pain, and bloating. The study also found an association between probiotic supplementation and a significantly lower incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. This effect of the probiotic combination also follows a dose-dependent pattern, which means that as the dosage increased, the beneficial effects also increased.
To investigate the effects of fermented milk containing the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis on digestive comfort and symptoms in adults.
Study Type
Open-label, randomised, controlled pilot study
Purpose
To investigate the effects of fermented milk containing the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis on digestive comfort and symptoms in adults.
Dose
25 billion CFU/day of Bifidobacterium lactis (2 x 12.5 billion CFU per pot) or 12.5 billion CFU/day of Bifidobacterium lactis together with the two classical yoghurt starters, Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus or placebo
Participants
360 male and female participants with an average age of 39-40 years who reported digestive discomfort and a stool frequency of 3–21 times per week.
Duration
2 weeks
Results
The study found an association between the daily consumption of the fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium lactis and improved digestive comfort and symptoms in adults. Specifically, 82.5% and 84.3% of participants reported improved digestive comfort in the low-dose and high-dose groups, respectively. These results were significantly higher than the 2.9% improvement observed in the control group .
How They Measured It
Digestive discomfort and stool frequency were assessed using self-reported questionnaires that measured both the level of discomfort related to their digestive system and the number of bowel movements.
GI Health
To investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus with vitamin B6 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, a gastrointestinal disorder characterised by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits such as diarrhoea or constipation.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus with vitamin B6 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, a gastrointestinal disorder characterised by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits such as diarrhoea or constipation.
Dose
4 billion CFU/day of Bifidobacterium longum and 1 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (with vitamin B6) or placebo
Participants
25 male and female irritable bowel syndrome patients with an average age of 46-50 years
Duration
30 days treatment
Results
Participants taking the probiotic reported significant improvements in abdominal pain, bloating, and disease severity, compared to the placebo. Participants with irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhoea reported improvements in the consistency of their stools following probiotic treatment, meaning their stools were reportedly firmer and more formed. Among patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation, there was also a tendency for improved questionnaire scores regarding stool consistency after probiotic administration, however, this improvement was not statistically significant when compared to the placebo group. The findings suggest that the combination of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus with vitamin B6 may be more effective at improving stool consistency in patients irritable bowel syndrome and diarrhoea than patients with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation.
How They Measured It
Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms were assessed using self-reported questionnaires which assess the severity of symptoms such as abdominal pain and bloating. Bowel movements were recorded with self-reported questionnaires, used for assessing the consistency of stools.
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum on the healthy gut microbiota composition, which refers to the community of microorganisms that live in the digestive system. These microorganisms help with digestion, produce vitamins, and support the immune system.
Study Type
Uncontrolled clinical trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum on the healthy gut microbiota composition, which refers to the community of microorganisms that live in the digestive system. These microorganisms help with digestion, produce vitamins, and support the immune system.
Dose
Group 1: 4 billion CFU/day of Bifidobacterium longum and 10 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus administered 30 minutes before breakfast Group 2: 4 billion CFU/day of Bifidobacterium longum and 10 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus administered 30 minutes after breakfast
Participants
18 male and female participants with an average age of 36 years
Duration
1 month
Results
In both study groups, the researchers observed a significant reduction in the levels of potentially harmful bacteria and an increase of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Beneficial bacteria in the gut contribute to digestion, support the immune system, produce essential substances like vitamins and short-chain fatty acids, and potentially influence factors such as metabolism, mood, and protection against harmful pathogens. These findings suggest that Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus may have the potential to significantly impact and shape the composition of the gut microbiota.
GI Health
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and quality of life.
Study Type
Randomised, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus on irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and quality of life.
Dose
1 billion and 10 billion CFU of Lactobacillus acidophilus or placebo
Participants
391 male and female volunteers aged 18-65 years with irritable bowel syndrome (340 completed the trial)
Duration
12 weeks of Lactobacillus acidophilus intervention
Results
The researchers observed that both probiotic groups showed a reduction in abdominal pain, with the higher dose of Lactobacillus acidophilus (10 billion CFU) showing a notably significant reduction in abdominal pain. This trial holds particular importance for individuals with irritable bowel syndrome who commonly face spasms, cramps, and abdominal pain.
How They Measured It
Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms and quality of life were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire.
Vaginal health
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics along with lactoferrin (a multifunctional protein naturally found in cow’s milk that can enhance the beneficial effects of the probiotic bacteria) in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a fungal infection characterised by symptoms such as itching, discharge, and redness in the vaginal and vulvar area due to an overgrowth of Candida yeast.
Study Type
Randomised clinical trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics along with lactoferrin (a multifunctional protein naturally found in cow’s milk that can enhance the beneficial effects of the probiotic bacteria) in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a fungal infection characterised by symptoms such as itching, discharge, and redness in the vaginal and vulvar area due to an overgrowth of Candida yeast.
Dose
Initial phase: 10 billion CFU/day of a probiotics mixture consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (2 x 5 billion CFU capsules) or placebo for the first 5 days and 5 billion CFU/day or placebo for the next 10 consecutive days Maintenance phase: 5 billion CFU/day of the probiotics mixture (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) or placebo for 10 consecutive days per month starting on the first day of menstrual cycle (preventative treatment).
Participants
48 women with vulvovaginal candidiasis with an average age of 34-37 years
Duration
6 months
Results
The researchers observed that both groups experienced improvements in symptoms after clotrimazole (antifungal) therapy. However, only the group of women treated with probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) and lactoferrin showed significant improvements in itching and discharge at 3 and 6 months. Moreover, during the six-month follow-up, the probiotic group had significantly fewer symptom recurrences compared to the placebo group (33.3% vs. 91.7% at 3 months, and 29.2% vs. 100% at 6 months). Overall, the combination of lactobacilli and lactoferrin proved to be a safe and effective complementary approach for reducing symptoms and recurrences of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.
To evaluate the effects of a probiotic mixture containing Lactobacillus strains and lactoferrin (a multifunctional protein naturally found in cow’s milk and can enhance the beneficial effects of the probiotic bacteria) as in addition to an antibiotic medication in women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection characterised by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina, often leading to symptoms like abnormal discharge, odour, and mild discomfort.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of a probiotic mixture containing Lactobacillus strains and lactoferrin (a multifunctional protein naturally found in cow’s milk and can enhance the beneficial effects of the probiotic bacteria) as in addition to an antibiotic medication in women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection characterised by an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina, often leading to symptoms like abnormal discharge, odour, and mild discomfort.
Dose
Initial phase: 10 billion CFU/day of lactobacilli mixture including Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (2 x 5 billion CFU capsules) or placebo for the first 5 days and 5 billion CFU/day of lactobacilli mixture or placebo for the next 10 consecutive days Maintenance phase: 5 billion CFU/day of lactobacilli mixture including Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus or placebo for 10 consecutive days per month starting on the first day of menstrual cycle (prophylactic treatment).
Participants
48 adult women with symptomatic bacterial vaginosis aged 18-50 years
Duration
6 months
Results
The study found an association between the consumption of a probiotics mixture containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, combined with lactoferrin, and a significant improvement in symptoms of bacterial vaginosis, such as vaginal discharge and itching. This was accompanied by a significant improvement in balance of vaginal bacteria. More specifically, there was a significant improvement in the Nugent score, a grading system used to evaluate the balance of vaginal bacteria, specifically to diagnose bacterial vaginosis by examining the presence and proportion of various types of bacteria in vaginal fluid samples. Furthermore, the researchers observed a decreased recurrence rate of bacterial vaginosis in the group receiving probiotic supplements (29.17%) compared to the women treated with a placebo (58.33%). No adverse events were reported during the study period.
GI Health
To investigate the effect of a probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation, a persistent condition characterised by infrequent and difficult bowel movements without an identifiable underlying cause.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To investigate the effect of a probiotic beverage containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with chronic idiopathic constipation, a persistent condition characterised by infrequent and difficult bowel movements without an identifiable underlying cause.
Dose
6.5 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus casei (1 x 65 mL of a probiotic beverage containing at least 6.5 billion CFU) or placebo
Participants
70 men and women with chronic idiopathic constipation aged 18-70 years
Duration
4 weeks
Results
The study found an association between the consumption of Lactobacillus casei and a significant improvement in self-reported constipation severity and stool consistency, beginning in the second week of supplementation. By the end of the study, the prevalence of severe and moderately severe constipation was significantly lower in the Lactobacillus casei group (34%) compared to the placebo group (83%). Moreover, only 29% of patients in the Lactobacillus casei group reported hard and lumpy stools, in contrast to 82% of patients in the placebo group. During the final examination, 89% of the Lactobacillus casei group and 56% of the placebo group reported a positive effect on constipation. Overall, the findings suggest that daily consumption of Lactobacillus casei may lead to a reduction in the severity of constipation, as evidenced by a significant improvement in stool consistency and the frequency of bowel movements.
How They Measured It
Constipation, stool consistency, and gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed using different ratings which measure the participants’ subjective severity and degree of constipation, defecation frequency, stool consistency, occurrence and degree of flatulence, occurrence and degree of bloating.
To evaluate the effects of a fermented milk beverage containing Lactobacillus casei on irregular bowel movements and the intestinal microbiota/environment .
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, controlled study
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of a fermented milk beverage containing Lactobacillus casei on irregular bowel movements and the intestinal microbiota/environment .
Dose
40 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus casei (one bottle per day of a fermented milk beverage containing Lactobacillus casei) or placebo
Participants
118 male and female with an average age of 64 years who had undergone a surgical procedure to remove all or part of their stomach due to medical conditions such as stomach cancer or severe peptic ulcers.
Duration
8 weeks (2 weeks of pre-consumption observation, 4 weeks of test-beverage consumption, and 2 weeks of post-consumption follow-up)
Results
While no statistically significant differences were found between the Lactobacillus casei- and placebo-treated groups on overall relief from irregular bowel movement, the researchers observed significant effects of Lactobacillus casei oral intake in specific subgroups of subjects based on their symptoms (e.g. constipation or diarrhoea). Patients with constipation who consumed the Lactobacillus casei beverage reported a significant reduction in constipation severity compared to the placebo group, along with an improved quality of life. Furthermore, among patients who experienced diarrhoea, there was a significant improvement in diarrhoea symptoms after consuming the Lactobacillus casei beverage, compared to their symptoms before consumption, but no significant difference was observed when compared to the placebo group.Overall, the results suggest that the continuous consumption of Lactobacillus casei-fermented milk may relieve irregular bowel movement in patients who have had all or part of their stomach removed, but the effect may vary depending on the specific symptoms of the patient.
How They Measured It
Irritable bowel movements were assessed using a survey diary in which the participants recorded information about bowel movement frequency, stool features, condition, drug name, diet, and physical activities, as well as episodes of constipation, diarrhoea, and how abdominal/faecal symptoms influenced their daily life. Constipation and diarrhoea in the subjects were evaluated using a scoring system based on the diary results.
Vaginal health
To evaluate the safety and tolerability of Lactobacillus crispatus strains in healthy women volunteers.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial
Purpose
To evaluate the safety and tolerability of Lactobacillus crispatus strains in healthy women volunteers.
Dose
Pro I: 3 billion total CFU/capsule/day of 3 different Lactobacillus crispatus strains (1 billion per strain) Pro II: 3 billion total CFU/capsule/day of another 3 different Lactobacillus crispatus strains (1 billion per strain) Placebo: Without probiotics
Participants
40 women with an average age of 29 years (29 subjects completed the study and included in the analysis)
Duration
21 days; 1 week of Lactobacillus crispatus treatment followed by a 2-week washout period (a specific time frame where participants stop taking the treatment to eliminate its effects before transitioning to a new treatment) and then a second treatment period with the placebo.
Results
The study found an association between oral intake of Lactobacillus crispatus and a significant reduction in the “Nugent Score” among participants. The “Nugent Score” assesses the composition of vaginal bacteria, where higher scores indicate an imbalance in bacterial flora. This reduction in the Nugent Score indicates the bacterial balance in the vagina was restored. Participants taking Lactobacillus crispatus also had reduced vaginal counts of Garderella vaginalis, a bacterium commonly linked to vaginosis (a common vaginal infection), at the end of the study. On the other hand, there were no significant changes in the total count of Gardnerella vaginalis in the placebo group throughout the study. Overall, the findings suggest that Lactobacillus crispatus strains may help in addressing female urogenital disorders. No adverse reactions specifically attributable to the probiotics were reported.
To evaluate the impact of Lactobacillus crispatus strains on patients with bacterial vaginosis (common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of bacteria, often leading to abnormal discharge and odour) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (fungal overgrowth in the vaginal area causing itching, irritation, and abnormal discharge).
Study Type
Randomised double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To evaluate the impact of Lactobacillus crispatus strains on patients with bacterial vaginosis (common vaginal infection caused by an imbalance of bacteria, often leading to abnormal discharge and odour) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (fungal overgrowth in the vaginal area causing itching, irritation, and abnormal discharge).
Dose
30 billion total CFU/day of different Lactobacillus crispatus strains in either oral or vaginal capsules or placebo
Participants
89 women with bacterial vaginosis and 93 women with vulvovaginal candidiasis, aged 18-50 years
Duration
3 months (Probiotic capsules were consumed during the participants intermenstrual period or 20 days per month)
Results
The study found an association between both oral and vaginally-administered capsules and significant reductions in the signs and symptoms of bacterial vaginosis (a common vaginal infection that often leads to abnormal discharge and order), whereas no statistically significant change was observed in the placebo group. The researchers also used a scoring system called the “Nugent Score” to evaluate the vaginal microbiota (the community of bacteria in the vagina) based on bacteria in a sample. A higher “Nugent Score” indicates the presence of bacterial vaginosis. The Nugent Score improved significantly among women taking the probiotic in the first 4 weeks of the trial, where the proportion of women with a score greater than 7 was reduced to 26% in the oral capsule group and to 18% in the vaginal capsule group. It is important to note that a Nugent score greater than 7 indicates bacterial vaginosis. This suggests that the probiotics helped to restore the balance of bacteria in the vaginal area, a critical factor in maintaining reproductive health. The study also found an association between Lactobacillus crispatus treatment (both oral intake and intravaginal administration) and the significant reduction in the amount of discharge and itching/irritation in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. The decrease in discharge was more pronounced in the case of oral capsules, while a reduction in itching/irritation was observed with vaginally-administered capsules, and both results were statistically significant. Overall, the results suggest that Lactobacillus crispatus probiotics may be effective against bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis, either orally or vaginally.
Vaginal health
To research the effects of an oral probiotic containing three Lactobacillus strains (Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus gasseri) along with a standard treatment for bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis in women. Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection marked by a bacterial imbalance in the vagina, resulting in unusual discharge, odour, and occasional itching or irritation. Aerobic vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina due to an imbalance of aerobic bacteria ((bacteria that need oxygen to thrive), often causing symptoms like itching, burning, and abnormal discharge.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose
To research the effects of an oral probiotic containing three Lactobacillus strains (Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus gasseri) along with a standard treatment for bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis in women. Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection marked by a bacterial imbalance in the vagina, resulting in unusual discharge, odour, and occasional itching or irritation. Aerobic vaginitis is an inflammation of the vagina due to an imbalance of aerobic bacteria ((bacteria that need oxygen to thrive), often causing symptoms like itching, burning, and abnormal discharge.
Dose
More than 200 million CFU/day of the mixture containing Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus gasseri (2 x ≥ 100 million CFU/capsule) or placebo
Participants
241 women aged 18-50 years old with bacterial vaginosis/aerobic vaginitis
Duration
3 months (treatment every 10 days of each month in the peri-menstrual period or starting from 18 to 22 days of menstrual cycle)
Results
The researchers observed that in the oral probiotic group, the time it took for bacterial vaginosis or aerobic vaginitis symptoms to return (clinical relapse) was 51% longer (71.4 days) compared to the placebo group (47.3 days). Additionally, the clinical relapse of aerobic vaginitis was up to 76% longer (72.4 days) in the probiotic group than in the placebo group (41.2 days). The study also found an association between the probiotic treatment and maintenance of a low vaginal pH and a reduction in the “Nugent Score” (a scoring system used to evaluate the balance of bacteria in the vagina). A lower Nugent score and vaginal pH indicate a healthier vaginal environment, promoting the natural balance of bacteria and preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms. Additionally, an increase in vaginal Lactobacillus bacteria was observed after standard treatment. A higher number of Lactobacillus bacteria is often linked to a healthier vaginal microbiome (the diverse community of microorganisms in the vaginal environment), contributing to the maintenance of a balanced and optimal vaginal environment. No adverse reactions specifically attributable to the probiotics were reported.
To evaluate the effect of a probiotic consisting of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus alongside a common antibiotic medication called metronidazole on women with bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection marked by a bacterial imbalance in the vagina, resulting in unusual discharge, odour, and occasional itching or irritation.
Study Type
Prospective, randomised controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To evaluate the effect of a probiotic consisting of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus alongside a common antibiotic medication called metronidazole on women with bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal infection marked by a bacterial imbalance in the vagina, resulting in unusual discharge, odour, and occasional itching or irritation.
Dose
5 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus crispatus or placebo
Participants
67 women with bacterial vaginosis, aged 18-55 years (59 women included in the final analysis)
Duration
90 days (30 days of probiotic treatment)
Results
While the study found no significant improvement in the cure rate in the probiotic group compared to the control group, the researchers observed an encouraging trend towards healthier vaginal flora. The researchers used a scoring system called “the Nugent score” to evaluate the vaginal microbiota based on bacteria in a vaginal sample, and a score below 4 indicates a healthy vaginal microbiota and full recovery. Among the cured participants, a higher proportion achieved Nugent scores below 4 in the probiotic group compared to the control group. Specifically, on day 30, 93.75% of the probiotic group exhibited Nugent scores below 4, compared to 88.89% in the control group. By day 90, this positive trend continued, with 77.78% of the probiotic group achieving Nugent scores below 4, compared to 66.67% in the control group.
Vaginal health
To determine the ability of both Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri to improve the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, a type of fungal infection that affects the vulva and vagina.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial
Purpose
To determine the ability of both Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri to improve the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis, a type of fungal infection that affects the vulva and vagina.
Dose
2 billion CFU of both Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri strains (2 x 1 capsule containing 1 billion CFU of both strains every morning) or placebo
Participants
55 women diagnosed with vulvovaginal candidiasis with an average age of 28 years
Duration
4 weeks
Results
The researchers observed a significant reduction in vaginal discharge and symptoms associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis, including itching, a burning sensation in the vagina, dyspareunia (persistent or recurrent pain during sexual intercourse), and dysuria (pain, discomfort, or a burning sensation during urination) among patients who took probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri) for four weeks, along with a single dose of fluconazole. Furthermore, the group that received probiotics demonstrated a reduced presence of Candida yeast, as detected through laboratory studies (10.3%), compared to the placebo group that solely received the fluconazole treatment without probiotics (38.5%). This implies that the combination of probiotics and fluconazole might be more effective in alleviating symptoms and reducing the presence of yeast associated with this type of fungal infection than fluconazole alone.
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) on vaginal dysbiosis (imbalance in the normal microbial community of the vagina) in women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis, a type of vaginal dysbiosis characterised by an overgrowth of certain harmful bacteria without obvious symptoms (asymptomatic).
Study Type
Clinical trial (uncontrolled)
Purpose
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) on vaginal dysbiosis (imbalance in the normal microbial community of the vagina) in women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis, a type of vaginal dysbiosis characterised by an overgrowth of certain harmful bacteria without obvious symptoms (asymptomatic).
Dose
10 billion CFU/day of multistrain Lactobacillus probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus)
Participants
36 asymptomatic women aged 19-55 years (26 were classified as Low-Nugent score and 10 were classified and High-Nugent score)
Duration
6 weeks
Results
The study found an association between oral intake of multi-strain Lactobacillus probiotics (Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and improved vaginal health in women with symptomless bacterial vaginosis, alongside an increased colonisation of Lactobacillus species in the vagina. Increased colonisation of Lactobacillus species in the vagina is important because it helps maintain a healthy vaginal environment, prevents the overgrowth of harmful bacteria, supports the immune system, and reduces the risk of infections and associated symptoms. Bacterial Vaginosis (BV) is a condition characterized by a reduction in Lactobacillus species and an increase in the diversity of anaerobic bacteria. BV is associated with symptoms like vaginal discharge and odor. Therefore, in cases of BV, decreasing the number of diverse anaerobic bacteria and restoring Lactobacillus dominance could be seen as beneficial. This study found an inverse correlation between the abundance of Lactobacillus in the vagina and the Nugent score, which means that as the abundance of Lactobacillus increased in the vagina, the Nugent score decreased. A lower Nugent score generally indicates a normal, healthy vaginal flora. This study found an inverse correlation between the abundance of Lactobacillus in the vagina and the alpha diversity of the vaginal microbiota. Alpha diversity refers to the diversity of different species present in the microbiota, and an inverse correlation means that as the abundance of Lactobacillus increased in the vagina, the diversity of other species decreased. A higher abundance of Lactobacillus and less diverse bacterial community is generally considered a healthier state in the context of vaginal health. Overall the study suggests that a higher abundance of Lactobacillus in the vaginal microbiota is associated with a healthier vaginal environment, as it is negatively correlated with both alpha diversity and the Nugent Score.
How They Measured It
Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis was assessed using the Nugent score, a numerical scoring system which measures the types and quantities of bacteria present in vaginal fluid under a microscope. A high Nugent score indicates imbalanced vaginal flora and is associated with bacterial vaginosis, which is a common vaginal infection. A lower Nugent score (closer to 0) is generally associated with normal, healthy vaginal flora.
GI Health
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus on acute diarrhoea in adult patients.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus acidophilus on acute diarrhoea in adult patients.
Dose
6 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 6 million CFU/day of Lactobacillus acidophilus (3 x 2 capsules of 1 billion CFU Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 1 million CFU of Lactobacillus acidophilus) or placebo
Participants
76 male and female patients with acute diarrhoea aged 13-60 years
Duration
7 days
Results
The researchers observed that the group receiving the probiotic supplement had a significantly shorter duration of diarrhoea and faster recovery from diarrhoea compared to the placebo group. The probiotic group also showed greater improvement in stool consistency, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, headache, fever, and tenesmus (the frequent urge to go to the bathroom even though the bowels are empty). However, the improvement was statistically significant only for stool consistency. The study suggests that combined probiotic supplementation could be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of acute diarrhoea in adults.
Vaginal health
To assess the effects of oral probiotic capsules containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri in women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (a vaginal infection caused by an overgrowth of harmful bacteria).
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Purpose
To assess the effects of oral probiotic capsules containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri in women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (a vaginal infection caused by an overgrowth of harmful bacteria).
Dose
2 billion total CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri (2 x 1 billion CFU capsule) or placebo
Participants
544 women aged 18 years and older, diagnosed with vaginal infection
Duration
12 weeks (6 weeks of treatment and 6 weeks follow up)
Results
The researchers observed a balanced vaginal flora after 6 weeks of probiotics treatment in 243 subjects (61.5%), which was a significantly higher proportion compared to the 40 subjects (26.9%) in the placebo group. After an additional 6 weeks of follow-up, normal vaginal flora was still present in more than half (51.1%) of the subjects in the probiotic group, while only around one-fifth (20.8%) of subjects in the placebo group exhibited normal vaginal flora. This suggests that oral probiotics containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri could be a potential treatment for bacterial vaginosis.
To evaluate the effect of the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on genital infections (bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis) in women.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To evaluate the effect of the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri on genital infections (bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis) in women.
Dose
First 30 days: 2 million CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 2 million CFU/day of Lactobacillus reuteri (2 x 1 million CFU of each strain per capsule) or placebo Day 31-60: 1 million CFU/day of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and 1 million CFU/day of Lactobacillus reuteri or placebo
Participants
42 women aged 18-45 years (32 had bacterial vaginosis and 10 had vulvovaginal candidiasis)
Duration
2 months
Results
The researchers observed that after sixty days of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus reuteri treatment, 81.3% of women with bacterial vaginosis achieved a healthy vaginal flora, which means that the vaginal microbiome is in a state of balance and is not showing any signs of infection or inflammation. This percentage was significantly higher than that of the placebo group, where only 31.3% experienced a healthy vaginal flora. No significant differences were observed in outcomes between the probiotic and placebo groups in participants with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Overall, the findings suggest that the addition of probiotics to conventional antibiotics may help improve the cure rate of bacterial vaginosis in women.
GI Health
To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei on human intestinal microflora in healthy young adults.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei on human intestinal microflora in healthy young adults.
Dose
10 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus paracasei in skimmed milk or placebo
Participants
52 healthy male and females with an average age of 24 years
Duration
4 weeks
Results
The study found an association between Lactobacillus paracasei supplementation and a significant increase in beneficial bacteria in the gut, such as Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Roseburia. These beneficial bacteria help maintain a balanced gut microbiome (the community of microorganisms that live in the digestive system, which is crucial for proper digestion, absorption of nutrients, immune function, and overall health. The researchers also observed a decrease in potentially harmful bacteria in the gut, such as Escherichia coli following Lactobacillus paracasei supplementation. These bacteria have the potential to cause infections and a range of illnesses, from minor gastrointestinal discomfort to severe condition. The findings suggest that Lactobacillus paracasei may have beneficial effects on gut health.
To investigate the effects of a symbiotic containing Lactobacillus paracasei in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Symbiotics are dietary supplements that combine probiotics (beneficial live bacteria) and prebiotics (specific types of fibre that nourish these bacteria) to support and promote a healthy balance of microorganisms in the gut.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of a symbiotic containing Lactobacillus paracasei in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Symbiotics are dietary supplements that combine probiotics (beneficial live bacteria) and prebiotics (specific types of fibre that nourish these bacteria) to support and promote a healthy balance of microorganisms in the gut.
Dose
10 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus paracasei (2 x 5 billion CFU mixed with prebiotics: xylo-oligosaccharides (700 mg), glutamine (500 mg), and arabinogalactone (1243 mg) in a 7g sachet powder dissolved in 100 mL water) or placebo
Participants
267 male and female patients with irritable bowel syndrome and with an average age of 43 years
Duration
12 weeks treatment period
Results
A higher percentage of patients reported a positive response to the use of symbiotics containing Lactobacillus paracasei for pain relief and overall symptom improvement compared to the control group. In the symbiotic group, 61% of patients reported minimal to no pain, whereas only 53.8% of patients in the control group reported minimal to no pain. The researchers also observed that among the 47 irritable bowel syndrome patients with diarrhoea, there was a significant reduction in both bowel movements and abdominal pain within the symbiotic group as compared to the control group. The proportion of patients with a decrease of at least 1 bowel movement per day was significantly higher in the symbiotic group (70%) in comparison to the control group (35%). Notably, the significant decrease of the total irritable bowel syndrome score was observed only in the symbiotic group. Overall, the findings suggest the potential of symbiotics containing Lactobacillus paracasei as a beneficial treatment for individuals with irritable bowel syndrome.
How They Measured It
Irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, bowel movements, and stool consistency were assessed using a self-reported questionnaire which measures the patients’ occurrence of abdominal pain, frequency of bowel movements and satisfactory relief from symptoms.
GI Health
To evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, a common digestive disorder characterised by abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, and discomfort that can vary between diarrhoea and constipation.
Study Type
Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on abdominal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, a common digestive disorder characterised by abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, and discomfort that can vary between diarrhoea and constipation.
Dose
10 billion CFU of Lactobacillus plantarum per capsule per day or placebo
Participants
214 male and female participants with irritable bowel syndrome aged 18-70 years
Duration
4 weeks
Results
The researchers observed that participants who received Lactobacillus plantarum experienced a significant reduction in abdominal pain frequency, with a remarkable 51.9% decrease by the end of the fourth week, compared to a 13.6% reduction in the placebo group. Similarly, the Lactobacillus plantarum group showed notable improvements in stool frequency, bloating, and feeling of incomplete emptying throughout the four-week study period. The severity scores for abdominal bloating and incomplete emptying were also lower in the Lactobacillus plantarum group at weeks 3 and 4. Moreover, a substantial 78.1% of patients in the treatment group rated their experience as good or excellent, in contrast to only 8.1% in the placebo group. These findings highlight the potential positive impact of Lactobacillus plantarum on gut health.
How They Measured It
Incidences of bowel frequency, abdominal pain, bloating and feelings of incomplete rectal emptying were all assessed weekly using self-reported questionnaires which measure subjective experiences such as pain, discomfort, or other sensations.
Vaginal Health
To evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum in women with a history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum in women with a history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
Dose
5 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus plantarum or placebo
Participants
93 Caucasian women aged 18 years and over, with a clinical history of recurrent yeast vaginitis
Duration
90 days
Results
The study found an association between Lactobacillus plantarum treatment and significant improvements in lactobacilli colonisation on vaginal epithelial cells, which create a protective layer along the inner surface of the vaginal canal. In simpler terms, there were improvements in how "good bacteria" stick to the inside walls of the vagina, helping to form a protective layer. Having sufficient levels of lactobacilli on the cells lining the inner surface of the vagina is essential for a healthy balance of bacteria in the vagina, helping prevent infections such as bacterial vaginosis or vulvovaginal candidiasis, and ensuring overall vaginal well-being. The researchers also observed that oral treatment with Lactobacillus. plantarum was superior to the placebo in reducing redness and swelling and symptoms related to vulvovaginal candidiasis, including itching, burning sensations, painful intercourse (dyspareunia), and discomfort while urinating (dysuria). The use of Lactobacillus plantarum was generally well tolerated, and no negative effects were reported throughout the study.
To investigate the effect of orally administered multispecies probiotic formulations on the detection and enhancement of probiotic species in the vagina of pre-menopausal women.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, three-arm parallel pilot study
Purpose
To investigate the effect of orally administered multispecies probiotic formulations on the detection and enhancement of probiotic species in the vagina of pre-menopausal women.
Dose
Formula 1: 5 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus acidophilus and 5 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus reuteri with inulin, silica and talc Formula 2: 5 billion CFU/day of Lactobacillus plantarum, 5 billion CFU/day of rhamnosus, and 5 billion CFU/day of Bifidobacterium lactis) with inulin, silica and talc Placebo: Inulin, silica and talc. Inulin is often used as a dietary fibre and a prebiotic, which means it can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Silica and talc are sometimes added to supplements to prevent the ingredients from clumping together and to ensure that the ingredients are evenly mixed.
Participants
60 pre-menopausal women aged 18-50 years old not suffering from vaginal or urinary tract infections during the 12 months prior to the date of their enrollment in the study
Duration
14 days of probiotic treatment
Results
The study found associations between both probiotic supplements and increased levels of the beneficial probiotic bacteria in the vagina. The researchers also found that the probiotic supplements had anti-microbial properties, meaning that they were effective against microorganisms responsible for vaginal dysbiosis (imbalance of “good” and “bad” bacteria in the vagina) and vaginal infections. The study suggests that these probiotic formulations may be effective in preventing or treating urogenital infections.
How They Measured It
The presence of each probiotic species in the vagina was measured using a technique called Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), which analyses DNA extracted from vaginal swabs. The antimicrobial activities of the probiotics were measured in laboratory cellular study using the bacteria E. coli and the fungus Candida albicans.
GI Health
To determine the safety and efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with an antibiotic in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDD), a bacterial infection that primarily affects the colon (large intestine) which is caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. This bacterium produces toxins that harm the colon lining, leading to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhoea.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose
To determine the safety and efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with an antibiotic in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDD), a bacterial infection that primarily affects the colon (large intestine) which is caused by the bacterium Clostridium difficile. This bacterium produces toxins that harm the colon lining, leading to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhoea.
Dose
30 billion CFU/day of Saccharomyces boulardii (two 250-mg capsules containing 7.5 billion CFU of S. boulardii, twice a day) or placebo
Participants
124 male and females with Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an average age of 57 years (treatment group) and 59 years (placebo group)
Duration
4 weeks treatment and an additional 4 weeks for follow-up
Results
Patients treated with both Saccharomyces boulardii and antibiotics had a significantly lower relative risk of Clostridium difficile disease recurrence compared to those who received the placebo or only antibiotics. In simpler terms, lower relative risk means that people treated with both Saccharomyces boulardii and antibiotics were less likely to experience a return of Clostridium difficile infection compared to those who received a placebo with their antibiotics. The effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii was significant in patients experiencing recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, but not in those experiencing an initial episode of the disease. In other words, Saccharomyces boulardii was notably effective for patients dealing with repeat cases of Clostridium difficile disease, but it didn't show the same results for those experiencing the disease for the first time. Overall, these findings suggest that Saccharomyces boulardii treatment in combination with standard antibiotics could potentially serve as an effective therapy for patients with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection.
To determine the safety and efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients taking at least one beta-lactam antibiotic, a type of medicine that helps to kill certain harmful bacteria in our bodies by disrupting their protective walls. Studies have found that antibiotics can sometimes disrupt the balance of bacteria in your gut, which may lead to diarrhoea as a side effect.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Purpose
To determine the safety and efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii on antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients taking at least one beta-lactam antibiotic, a type of medicine that helps to kill certain harmful bacteria in our bodies by disrupting their protective walls. Studies have found that antibiotics can sometimes disrupt the balance of bacteria in your gut, which may lead to diarrhoea as a side effect.
Dose
30 billion CFU/day of Saccharomyces boulardii (two 250-mg capsules containing 7.5 billion CFU of Saccharomyces boulardii, twice a day) or placebo
Participants
197 male and female patients with an average age of 41 years (S. boulardii group) and 42 years (placebo group).
Duration
28 days
Results
The researchers observed that a significantly smaller percentage of patients who received Saccharomyces boulardii (7.2%) developed antibiotic-associated diarrhoea compared to 14.6% in the placebo group. Saccharomyces boulardii also appeared to slow the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, as reflected by longer incubation periods observed in Saccharomyces boulardii-treated group. In other words, Saccharomyces boulardii seemed to delay the onset of diarrhoea related to antibiotic use, as seen by the longer time it took for symptoms to appear in the group treated with the probiotic. No negative effects were observed among patients in the Saccharomyces boulardii treatment group.
GI Health
To investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus on gastrointestinal symptoms in adults who had temporary gastric symptoms.
Study Type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Purpose
To investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus on gastrointestinal symptoms in adults who had temporary gastric symptoms.
Dose
More than 3 billion CFU/day of Bifidobacterium bifidum (> 30 million CFU/mL of Bifidobacterium bifidum x 100 mL/package of fermented milk) and more than 1 billion CFU/day of Streptococcus thermophilus (>10 million CFU/mL x 100 mL/package of fermented milk) or placebo
Participants
100 men and women with temporary gastric symptoms aged 20-64 years (79 participants included in the final analysis)
Duration
4 weeks
Results
The group taking Bifidobacterium bifidum had a significantly higher rate of relief from uncomfortable symptoms after eating, such as bloating and abdominal discomfort, and a greater reduction in the epigastric pain after eating (pain in the upper middle abdomen) compared to the placebo group. The Bifidobacterium bifidum group also had significantly higher relief rates for overall gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, upper GI symptoms, flatulence, burping, and diarrhoea compared to the placebo group. Furthermore, there were non-significant tendencies toward relief from abdominal pain and heartburn. No adverse reactions specifically attributable to the probiotics were reported.
How They Measured It
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were assessed using two questionnaires that measure gastrointestinal health and different symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) such as abdominal pain, heartburn, loose stools, hard stools, etc. Subjective psychological symptoms and quality-of-life were also assessed using questionnaires which measure symptoms such as depression and anxiety as well as overall quality of life.
To evaluate the effects of a gelling complex made of tara gum (a natural plant-derived thickening agent) and the probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus on intestinal permeability in healthy adults. Intestinal permeability is the ability of the gut wall to absorb substances, and an altered or damaged gut wall can result in toxic substances leaking through, causing health issues.
Study Type
Pilot clinical trial
Purpose
To evaluate the effects of a gelling complex made of tara gum (a natural plant-derived thickening agent) and the probiotic Streptococcus thermophilus on intestinal permeability in healthy adults. Intestinal permeability is the ability of the gut wall to absorb substances, and an altered or damaged gut wall can result in toxic substances leaking through, causing health issues.
Dose
1 billion CFU/day of Streptococcus thermophilus with 250 mg tara gum and 2.20 g of maltodextrin (a food additive) or placebo (maltodextrin)
Participants
25 healthy male and female volunteers aged 21-57 years
Duration
30 days
Results
The study found an association between the consumption of the gelling complex containing Streptococcus thermophilus and a significant increase in the excretion of exopolysaccharides (complex carbohydrates produced by Streptococcus thermophilus) in the participants' faeces. This suggests that Streptococcus thermophilus was able to colonise the gut and produce significant quantities of exopolysaccharides in the colon environment. The ability to produce exopolysaccharides is important because these molecules have been found to have beneficial effects on gut health, including improving the intestinal barrier function which may be particularly useful for individuals with leaky gut syndrome or intestinal permeability issues. A significant reduction in intestinal permeability was observed in both the small bowel and colon of the participants in the Streptococcus thermophilus group. This improved intestinal barrier integrity, indicated by decreased permeability, acts as a safeguard against the unregulated passage of detrimental substances such as toxins, bacteria, and undigested food particles, thereby promoting gut health and mitigating inflammation and associated health issues linked to "leaky gut" conditions. No significant differences were recorded in the placebo group from the start to the end of the study. The improvement in intestinal permeability was further confirmed by a decrease in the urinary excretion of sucralose, a marker of colonic permeability. The Streptococcus thermophilus group showed a significant decrease in sucralose excretion after 30 and 45 days compared to the placebo group. In contrast, the placebo group displayed no significant alterations in any of these findings either at the 30-day mark or the 45-day mark.
How They Measured It
Intestinal permeability was assessed using the “lactitol/mannitol ratio”, a measure of small intestine permeability, which measures the ability of the gut wall to absorb lactitol and mannitol, two types of sugar alcohols. Lactulose is a large molecule that is not normally absorbed by the gut, while mannitol is a smaller molecule that is easily absorbed. A high L/M ratio indicates increased intestinal permeability, which means that larger molecules are able to pass through the gut wall and enter the bloodstream. Sucralose concentration was also used to evaluate colonic permeability (the ability of the gut wall in the colon to prevent the passage of harmful substances), which measures the ability of the gut wall to absorb sucralose, an artificial sweetener.
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about Probiotics research
There are currently 31 peer-reviewed studies on Probiotics (Multiple strains), involving 4,491 total participants. Research covers GI Health, GI Health, GI Health and 14 more areas. The overall evidence strength is rated as Very Strong.
The evidence is currently rated as "Very Strong Evidence". This rating is based on study design quality (randomisation, blinding, placebo controls), sample sizes, study types (31 human studies), and reported outcomes.
Probiotics has been researched for: GI Health, GI Health, GI Health, GI Health, GI Health, Vaginal health, GI Health, Vaginal health, Vaginal health, Vaginal health, GI Health, Vaginal health, GI Health, GI Health, Vaginal Health, GI Health, GI Health. Each area has its own body of evidence which you can explore in the study breakdowns above.
Yes, 31 out of 31 studies are human trials. Human trials carry more weight in our evidence scoring system.
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